Kehoe A, Smith JE, Edwards A, Yates D, Lecky F. The changing face of major trauma in the UK. Emerg Med J. 2015;32:911.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bonne S, Schuerer DJE. Trauma in the older adult. Clin Geriatr Med. 2013;29:137–50.
Chehade M, Gill TK, Visvanathan R. Low energy trauma in older persons: where to next? Open Orthop J. 2015;9:361–6.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Benhamed A, Batomen B, Boucher V, Yadav K, Mercier É, Isaac CJ, et al. Epidemiology, injury pattern and outcome of older trauma patients: a 15-year study of level-I trauma centers. PLoS ONE. 2023;18: e0280345.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jiang L, Zheng Z, Zhang M. The incidence of geriatric trauma is increasing and comparison of different scoring tools for the prediction of in-hospital mortality in geriatric trauma patients. World J Emerg Surg. 2020;15:59.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Abdulla A, Adams N, Bone M, Elliott AM, Gaffin J, Jones D, et al. Guidance on the management of pain in older people. Age Ageing. 2013;42:i1-57.
Schofield P, Dunham M, Martin D, Bellamy G, Francis S-A, Sookhoo D, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on the management of pain in older people—a summary report. Br J Pain. 2022;16:6–13.
Woodford H. Essential geriatrics. 4th ed. Oxford: CRC Press; 2022.
Fried LP, Cohen AA, Xue Q-L, Walston J, Bandeen-Roche K, Varadhan R. The physical frailty syndrome as a transition from homeostatic symphony to cacophony. Nat Aging. 2021;1:36–46.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rodríguez-Sánchez I, García-Esquinas E, Mesas AE, Martín-Moreno JM, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Rodríguez-Artalejo F. Frequency, intensity and localization of pain as risk factors for frailty in older adults. Age Ageing. 2019;48:74–80.
Wade KF, Marshall A, Vanhoutte B, Wu FCW, O’Neill TW, Lee DM. Does pain predict frailty in older men and women? Findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci . 2017;72(3):403–409. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw226.
Wade KF, Lee DM, McBeth J, Ravindrarajah R, Gielen E, Pye SR, et al. Chronic widespread pain is associated with worsening frailty in European men. Age Ageing. 2016;45:268–74.
Karp JF, Shega JW, Morone NE, Weiner DK. Advances in understanding the mechanisms and management of persistent pain in older adults. Br J Anaesth. 2008;101:111–20.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Stubbs B, Schofield P, Patchay S. Mobility limitations and fall-related factors contribute to the reduced health-related quality of life in older adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain Pract. 2016;16:80–9.
Kaye AD, Baluch A, Scott JT. Pain management in the elderly population: a review. Ochsner J. 2010;10:179–87.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Falzone E, Hoffmann C, Keita H. Postoperative analgesia in elderly patients. Drugs Aging. 2013;30:81.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Barnett K, Mercer SW, Norbury M, Watt G, Wyke S, Guthrie B. Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2012;380:37.
Rossi Varallo F, Maicon de Oliveira A, Cristina Barboza Zanetti A, Carneiro Capucho H, Régis Leira Pereira L, Borges Pereira L, et al. Drug-induced delirium among older people. New Insights Future Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2021.
Brefka S, Eschweiler GW, Dallmeier D, Denkinger M, Leinert C. Comparison of delirium detection tools in acute care. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2022;55:105–15.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Risk reduction and management of delirium A national clinical guideline [Internet]. 2019. http://www.sign.ac.uk/assets/sign50_2015.pdf
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. (Last updated January 2023). 2010.
Ormseth CH, LaHue SC, Oldham MA, Josephson SA, Whitaker E, Douglas VC. Predisposing and precipitating factors associated with delirium. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6: e2249950.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Alagiakrishnan K, Wiens CA. An approach to drug induced delirium in the elderly. Postgrad Med J. 2004;80:388.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Swart LM, van der Zanden V, Spies PE, de Rooij SE, van Munster BC. The comparative risk of delirium with different opioids: a systematic review. Drugs Aging. 2017;34:437–43.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Saxena S, Lawley D. Delirium in the elderly: a clinical review. Postgrad Med J. 2009;85:405.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
O’Keeffe ST, Lavan JN. Clinical significance of delirium subtypes in older people. Age Ageing. 1999;28:115.
Jackson TA, Wilson D, Richardson S, Lord JM. Predicting outcome in older hospital patients with delirium: a systematic literature review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31:392–9.
Fong TG, Davis D, Growdon ME, Albuquerque A, Inouye SK. The interface of delirium and dementia in older persons. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:823.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Feast AR, White N, Lord K, Kupeli N, Vickerstaff V, Sampson EL. Pain and delirium in people with dementia in the acute general hospital setting. Age Ageing. 2018;47:841.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sampson EL, West E, Fischer T. Pain and delirium: mechanisms, assessment, and management. Eur Geriatr Med. 2020;11:45.
English KL, Paddon-Jones D. Protecting muscle mass and function in older adults during bed rest. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010;13:34–9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Parry SM, Puthucheary ZA. The impact of extended bed rest on the musculoskeletal system in the critical care environment. Extrem Physiol Med. 2015.
Lin H-S, Watts JN, Peel NM, Hubbard RE. Frailty and post-operative outcomes in older surgical patients: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16:157.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wawruch M, Krcmery S, Bozekova L, Wsolova L, Lassan S, Slobodova Z, et al. Factors influencing prognosis of pneumonia in elderly patients. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2004;16:467–71.
Jones RN. Microbial etiologies of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:881–7.
Pincus D, Ravi B, Wasserstein D, Huang A, Paterson JM, Nathens AB, et al. Association between wait time and 30-day mortality in adults undergoing hip fracture surgery. JAMA. 2017;318:1994.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Coary R, Skerritt C, Carey A, Rudd S, Shipway D. New horizons in rib fracture management in the older adult. Age Ageing. 2020;49:161–7.
Ibitoye SE, Braude P, Carter B, Rickard F, Deakin H, Martin R, et al. Geriatric assessment is associated with reduced mortality at 1 year for older adults admitted to a major trauma center: a prospective observational study. Ann Surg. 2023;277:343–9.
Guo J, Wang T, Zheng X, Long Y, Wang X, Zhang Q, et al. Use of intravenous paracetamol preoperatively favors lower risk of delirium and functional recovery in elderly patients with hip fracture: a propensity score-matched analysis. Pain Res Manag. 2022;2022:e1582727.
Shafeeq H, DiGiacomo JC, Sookraj KA, Gerber N, Bahr A, Talreja ON, et al. Perioperative multimodal pain management approach in older adults with polytrauma. J Surg Res. 2022;275:96–102.
Connolly KP, Kleinman RS, Stevenson KL, Neuman MD, Mehta SN. Delirium reduced with intravenous acetaminophen in geriatric hip fracture patients. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2020;28:325–31.
Cho JSH, McCarthy K, Schiavo S, Jacob B, Engelsaki M, Zywiel M, et al. Effect of intravenous acetaminophen on postoperative outcomes in hip fracture patients: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Can J Anaesth. 2022;69:885–97.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Antill AC, Frye SW, McMillen JC, Haynes JC, Ford BR, Bollig RW, et al. Treatment with oral versus intravenous acetaminophen in elderly trauma patients with rib fractures: a prospective randomized trial. Am Surg. 2020;86:926–32.
Al Farii H, Farahdel L, Frazer A, Salimi A, Bernstein M. The effect of NSAIDs on postfracture bone healing: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. OTA Int. 2021;4: e092.
Comments (0)