Ai J, Zhang H, Yu S, Li J, Chen S, Zhang W, Mao R (2022) A case of fatal amoebic encephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris, China. Infect Genet Evol 97:105190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105190

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anzil AP, Rao C, Wrzolek MA, Visvesvara GS, Sher JH, Kozlowski PB (1991) Amebic meningoencephalitis in a patient with AIDS caused by a newly recognized opportunistic pathogen. Leptomyxid ameba Arch Pathol Lab Med 115(1):21–25

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aoki R, Sakakima T, Ohashi A, Niwa R, Matsuyama M, Etori F, Watanabe N, Yagita K, Tanaka T (2020) A Japanese case of amoebic meningoencephalitis initially diagnosed by cerebrospinal fluid cytology. Clin Case Rep 8(9):1728–1734. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.2953

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bakardjiev A, Azimi PH, Ashouri N, Ascher DP, Janner D, Schuster FL, Visvesvara GS, Glaser C (2003) Amebic encephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris: report of four cases. Pediatr Infect Dis J 22(5):447–453. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000066540.18671.f8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cary LC, Maul E, Potter C, Wong P, Nelson PT, Given C 2nd, Robertson W Jr (2010) Balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis: survival of a pediatric patient. Pediatrics 125(3):e699-703. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-1797

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2010) Balamuthia mandrillaris transmitted through organ transplantation—Mississippi, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 59(36):1165–1170

Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2010) Notes from the field: transplant-transmitted Balamuthia mandrillaris—Arizona, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 59(36):1182

Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About Balamuthia Infections. https://www.cdc.gov/balamuthia/about/index.html. Accessed January 15, 2025.

Chang OH, Liu F, Knopp E, Muehlenbachs A, Cope JR, Ali I, Thompson R, George E (2016) Centrofacial Balamuthiasis: case report of a rare cutaneous amebic infection. J Cutan Pathol 43(10):892–897. https://doi.org/10.1111/cup.12748

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chimelli L, Hahn MD, Scaravilli F, Wallace S, Visvesvara GS (1992) Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis due to leptomyxid amoebae: report of the first Brazilian case. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86(6):635. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(92)90164-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cope JR et al (2019) The epidemiology and clinical features of Balamuthia mandrillaris disease in the United States, 1974–2016. Clin Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy813

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cope JR, Murphy J, Kahler A, Gorbett DG, Ali I, Taylor B, Corbitt L, Roy S, Lee N, Roellig D, Brewer S, Hill VR (2018) Primary amebic meningoencephalitis associated with rafting on an artificial whitewater river: case report and environmental investigation. Clin Infect Dis 66(4):548–553. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix810

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cuevas PM, Smoje PG, Jofré ML, Ledermann DW, Noemí HI, Berwart CF, Latorre LJJ, González BS (2006) Meningoencefalitis granulomatosa por Balamuthia mandrillaris: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura [Granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis by Balamuthia mandrillaris: case report and literature review]. Rev Chilena Infectol 23(3):237–242. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0716-10182006000300007

Article  Google Scholar 

Cuoco JA, Klein BJ, LeBel DP, Faulhaber J, Apfel LS, Witcher MR (2022) Successful treatment of a Balamuthia mandrillaris cerebral abscess in a pediatric patient with complete surgical resection and antimicrobial therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 41(2):e54–e57. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000003418

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deetz TR, Sawyer MH, Billman G, Schuster FL, Visvesvara GS (2003) Successful treatment of Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis: presentation of 2 cases. Clin Infect Dis 37(10):1304–1312. https://doi.org/10.1086/379020

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Denney CF, Iragui VJ, Uber-Zak LD, Karpinski NC, Ziegler EJ, Visvesvara GS, Reed SL (1997) Amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 25(6):1354–1358. https://doi.org/10.1086/516141

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deol I, Robledo L, Meza A, Visvesvara GS, Andrews RJ (2000) Encephalitis due to a free-living amoeba (Balamuthia mandrillaris): case report with literature review. Surg Neurol 53(6):611–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-3019(00)00232-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Doyle JS, Campbell E, Fuller A, Spelman DW, Cameron R, Malham G, Gin D, Lewin SR (2011) Balamuthia mandrillaris brain abscess successfully treated with complete surgical excision and prolonged combination antimicrobial therapy. J Neurosurg 114(2):458–462. https://doi.org/10.3171/2010.10.JNS10677

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duke BJ, Tyson RW, DeBiasi R, Freeman JE, Winston KR (1997) Balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis presenting with acute hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg 26(2):107–111. https://doi.org/10.1159/000121172

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fan X, Chen T, Yang H, Gao Y, Chen Y (2023) Encephalomyelomeningitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris: a case report and literature review. Infect Drug Resist 2(16):727–733. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S400692

Article  Google Scholar 

Galarza M, Cuccia V, Sosa FP, Monges JA (2002) Pediatric granulomatous cerebral amebiasis: a delayed diagnosis. Pediatr Neurol 26(2):153–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0887-8994(01)00360-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

González-Alfonzo JE, Martínez AJ, García V, García-Tamayo J, Céspedes G (1991) Granulomatous encephalitis due to a leptomyxid amoeba. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85(4):480. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(91)90227-p

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gordon SM, Steinberg JP, DuPuis MH, Kozarsky PE, Nickerson JF, Visvesvara GS (1992) Culture isolation of Acanthamoeba species and leptomyxid amebas from patients with amebic meningoencephalitis, including two patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 15(6):1024–1030. https://doi.org/10.1093/clind/15.6.1024

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gramp PE, Dooley J, O’Brien B, Jones A, Tan L, Robson J, Robertson T, Simos P, Fuller R, Gramp DV, Meumann EM (2023) Fatal granulomatous amebic encephalitis initially presenting with a cutaneous lesion. Australas J Dermatol 64(3):e256–e261. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajd.14068

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greninger AL, Messacar K, Dunnebacke T et al (2015) Clinical metagenomic identification of Balamuthia mandrillaris encephalitis and assembly of the draft genome: the continuing case for reference genome sequencing. Genome Med 7:113. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-015-0235-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Griesemer DA, Barton LL, Reese CM, Johnson PC, Gabrielsen JA, Talwar D, Visvesvara GS (1994) Amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris. Pediatr Neurol 10(3):249–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0887-8994(94)90034-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heilmann A et al (2024) Impact of climate change on amoeba and the bacteria they host. J Assoc Med Microbiol Infect Dis Can. https://doi.org/10.3138/jammi-2023-09-08

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hill CP, Damodaran O, Walsh P, Jevon GP, Blyth CC (2011) Balamuthia amebic meningoencephalitis and mycotic aneurysms in an infant. Pediatr Neurol 45(1):45–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2011.05.003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirakata S, Sakiyama Y, Yoshimura A, Ikeda M, Takahata K, Tashiro Y, Yoshimura M, Arata H, Yonezawa H, Kirishima M, Higashi M, Hatanaka M, Kanekura T, Yagita K, Matsuura E, Takashima H (2021) The application of shotgun metagenomics to the diagnosis of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis due to Balamuthia mandrillaris: a case report. BMC Neurol 21(1):392. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-021-02418-y

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hu J, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Yu H, Guo S, Shi D, He J, Hu C, Yang J, Fang X, Xiao Y (2022) Encephalomyelitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris in a woman with breast cancer: a case report and review of the literature. Front Immunol 5(12):768065. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.768065

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Intalapaporn P, Suankratay C, Shuangshoti S, Phantumchinda K, Keelawat S, Wilde H (2004) Balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis: the first case in southeast Asia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70(6):666–669

Article