Ahmad SF, Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Bakheet SA, Al-Ayadhi LY, Attia SM (2019) Elevated IL-16 expression is associated with development of immune dysfunction in children with autism. Psychopharmacology 236(2):831–838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-5120-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmad SA, Thobiti A, Toum TAE, M., Al Harbi F (2021) Florid scurvy in an autistic child on a ketogenic diet. Pediatr Emerg Care 37(8):e483–e484. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001695

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmed SA, Elhefnawy AM, Azouz HG, Roshdy YS, Ashry MH, Ibrahim AE, Meheissen MA (2020) Study of the gut microbiome profile in children with autism spectrum disorder: a single tertiary hospital experience. J Mol Neurosci 70(6):887–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-020-01500-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alam S, Westmark CJ, McCullagh EA (2023) Diet in treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Front NeuroSci 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.1031016

Albers J, Kraja G, Eller D, Eck K, McBrian D, Bain JM (2023) Assessing the feasibility of using the ketogenic diet in autism spectrum disorder. J Hum Nutr Diet 36(4):1303–1315. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.13115

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

APA (2013) American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub

Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, Bavi H, Baker JS, Moro T, Mancin L, Paoli A (2022) Ketogenic diets, physical activity and body composition: a review. Br J Nutr 127(12):1898–1920. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114521002609

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baio J, Wiggins L, Christensen DL, Maenner MJ, Daniels J, Warren Z, Dowling NF, United States (2018) Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years - autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 Sites, 2014. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C.: 2002), 67(6), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1

Bertuccioli A, Cardinali M, Di Pierro F, Zonzini GB, Matera MR (2022) Ketogenic and low FODMAP diet in therapeutic management of a young autistic patient with epilepsy and dysmetabolism poorly responsive to therapies: clinical response and effects of intestinal microbiota. Int J Mol Sci 23(15):8829. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158829

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bjørklund G, Waly MI, Al-Farsi Y, Saad K, Dadar M, Rahman MM, Kałużna-Czaplińska J (2019) The role of vitamins in autism spectrum disorder: What do we know? J Mol Neurosci 67(3):373–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-018-1237-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boison D (2017) New insights into the mechanisms of the ketogenic diet. Curr Opin Neurol 30(2):187–192. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000432

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boison D, Masino SA, Geiger JD (2011) Homeostatic bioenergetic network regulation - a novel concept to avoid pharmacoresistance in epilepsy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 6(7):713–724. https://doi.org/10.1517/17460441.2011.575777

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Vincenzi F, Varani K (2018) Pharmacology of adenosine receptors: The State of the Art. Physiol Rev 98(3):1591–1625. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00049.2017

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bostock ECS, Kirkby KC, Taylor BVM (2017) The current status of the ketogenic diet in psychiatry. Front Psychiatry 8:43–43. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00043

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bough KJ, Wetherington J, Hassel B, Pare JF, Gawryluk JW, Greene JG, Dingledine RJ (2006) Mitochondrial biogenesis in the anticonvulsant mechanism of the ketogenic diet. Ann Neurol 60(2):223–235. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20899

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Calderón N, Betancourt L, Hernández L, Rada P (2017) A ketogenic diet modifies glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid and agmatine levels in the hippocampus of rats: A microdialysis study. Neurosci Lett 642:158–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.014

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen F, He X, Luan G, Li T (2019) Role of DNA methylation and adenosine in ketogenic diet for pharmacoresistant epilepsy: Focus on epileptogenesis and associated comorbidities. Front Neurol 10:119. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00119

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chuang Y-C (2010) Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in seizure-induced neuronal cell death. Acta neurologica Taiwanica, 19(1), 3–15. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20711885

De Angelis M, Piccolo M, Vannini L, Siragusa S, De Giacomo A, Serrazzanetti DI, Francavilla R (2013) Fecal microbiota and metabolome of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. PLoS ONE 8(10):e76993. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076993

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

deCampo DM, Kossoff EH (2019) Ketogenic dietary therapies for epilepsy and beyond. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 22(4):264–268. https://doi.org/10.1097/mco.0000000000000565

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dyńka D, Kowalcze K, Paziewska A (2022) The role of ketogenic diet in the treatment of neurological diseases. Nutrients 14(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235003

El-Rashidy O, El-Baz F, El-Gendy Y, Khalaf R, Reda D, Saad KJMBD (2017) Ketogenic diet versus gluten free casein free diet in autistic children: a case-control study. 32(6):1935–1941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-017-0088-z

Esposito M, Mirizzi P, Fadda R, Pirollo C, Ricciardi O, Mazza M, Valenti M (2023) Food selectivity in children with autism: Guidelines for assessment and clinical interventions. Int J Environ Res Public Health 20(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065092

Evangeliou A, Vlachonikolis I, Mihailidou H, Spilioti M, Skarpalezou A, Makaronas N, Smeitink J (2003) Application of a ketogenic diet in children with autistic behavior: pilot study. J Child Neurol 18(2):113–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/08830738030180020501

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fu SP, Li SN, Wang JF, Li Y, Xie SS, Xue WJ, Liu JX (2014) BHBA suppresses LPS-induced inflammation in BV-2 cells by inhibiting NF-κB activation. Mediators Inflamm 2014:983401. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/983401

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gano LB, Patel M, Rho JM (2014) Ketogenic diets, mitochondria, and neurological diseases. J Lipid Res 55(11):2211–2228. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R048975

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garcia-Penas JJ (2016) Autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy: the role of ketogenic diet. [Trastornos del espectro autista y epilepsia: el papel de la dieta cetogenica]. Revista de neurologia, 62 Suppl 1, S73-S78. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26922962

Gzielo K, Soltys Z, Rajfur Z, Setkowicz ZK (2019) The impact of the ketogenic diet on glial cells morphology. A quantitative morphological analysis. Neuroscience 413:239–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.009

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Herbert MR, Buckley JA (2013) Autism and dietary therapy: case report and review of the literature. J Child Neurol 28(8):975–982. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073813488668

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Herren CL, Said RR (2016) Preventing side effects and diet discontinuation. Ketogenic diet metabolic therapies: Expanded roles health disease 66. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197501207.003.0012

Hus Y, Segal O (2021) Challenges surrounding the diagnosis of autism in children. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 17:3509–3529. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.S282569

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiang Z, Yin X, Wang M, Chen T, Wang Y, Gao Z, Wang Z (2022) Effects of ketogenic diet on neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Aging Dis 13(4):1146–1165. https://doi.org/10.14336/ad.2021.1217

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kadowaki A, Sada N, Juge N, Wakasa A, Moriyama Y, Inoue T (2017) Neuronal inhibition and seizure suppression by acetoacetate and its analog, 2-phenylbutyrate. Epilepsia 58(5):845–857. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.13718

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kandeel WA, Meguid NA, Bjørklund G, Eid EM, Farid M, Mohamed SK, Hammad DY (2020) Impact of clostridium bacteria in children with autism spectrum disorder and their anthropometric measurements. J Mol Neurosci 70(6):897–907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-020-01482-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanner L (1943) Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nerv Child 2:217–250

Google Scholar 

Karhu E, Zukerman R, Eshraghi RS, Mittal J, Deth