Geneva: World Health Organization; Suicide worldwide in 2019: global health estimates. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 2021.

Porras-Segovia A, Baca-García E, Courtet P, Wainberg M, Oquendo MA. If suicide were COVID-19: a neglected cause of premature death. J Clin Psychiatry [Internet]. 2021 Feb 23 [cited 2023 Jan 23];82(2). Available from: https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/depression/if-suicide-were-covid-19-a-neglected-cause-of-premature-death/.

Borges G, Angst J, Nock MK, Ruscio AM, Walters EE, Kessler RC. A risk index for 12-month suicide attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Psychol Med. 2006;36(12):1747–57.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brown GK, Beck AT, Steer RA, Grisham JR. Risk factors for suicide in psychiatric outpatients: a 20-year prospective study. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(3):371–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rudd MD. Suicidality in clinical practice: anxieties and answers. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62(2):157–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klonsky ED, May AM, Saffer BY. Suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2016;12(1):307–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giner L, Jaussent I, Olié E, Béziat S, Guillaume S, Baca-Garcia E, et al. Violent and serious suicide attempters: one step closer to suicide? J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(3):e191-197.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lopez-Castroman J, Jaussent I, Beziat S, Genty C, Olié E, de Leon-Martinez V, et al. Suicidal phenotypes associated with family history of suicidal behavior and early traumatic experiences. J Affect Disord. 2012;142(1–3):193–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ortigo KM, Westen D, Bradley B. Personality subtypes of suicidal adults. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009;197(9):687–94.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pérez S, Marco JH, García-Alandete J. Psychopathological differences between suicide ideators and suicide attempters in patients with mental disorders: psychopathological differences between suicide ideators and attempters. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2017;24(4):1002–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blasco-Fontecilla H, Jaussent I, Olié E, Béziat S, Guillaume S, Artieda-Urrutia P, et al. A cross-sectional study of major repeaters: a distinct phenotype of suicidal behavior. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord [Internet]. 2014 Aug 7 [cited 2023 Feb 19]; Available from: http://www.psychiatrist.com/PCC/article/Pages/2014/v16n04/14m01633.aspx.

Mendez-Bustos P, de Leon-Martinez V, Miret M, Baca-Garcia E, Lopez-Castroman J. Suicide reattempters: a systematic review. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2013;21(6):281–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de la Torre-Luque A, Pemau A, Ayad-Ahmed W, Borges G, Fernandez-Sevillano J, Garrido-Torres N, et al. Risk of suicide attempt repetition after an index attempt: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2023;S0163834323000130.

Ezquerra B, Alacreu-Crespo A, Peñuelas-Calvo I, Abascal-Peiró S, Jiménez-Muñoz L, Nicholls D, et al. Characteristics of single vs. multiple suicide attempters among adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2023.

Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, for the PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ. 2009;339(jul21 1):b2535–b2535.

Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connell D, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality if nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. 2012. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp. Date accessed: Feb 2022

Veroniki AA, Jackson D, Viechtbauer W, Bender R, Bowden J, Knapp G, et al. Methods to estimate the between-study variance and its uncertainty in meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2016;7(1):55–79.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Knapp G, Hartung J. Improved tests for a random effects meta-regression with a single covariate. Stat Med. 2003;22(17):2693–710.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

IntHout J, Ioannidis JPA, Rovers MM, Goeman JJ. Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2016;6(7):e010247.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Viechtbauer W, Cheung MWL. Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2010;1(2):112–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics. 2000;56(2):455–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kreitman N, Casey P. Repetition of parasiticide: an epidemiological and clinical study. Br J Psychiatry. 1988;153(6):792–800.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krarup G, Nielsen B, Rask P, Petersen P. Childhood experiences and repeated suicidal behavior. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1991;83(1):16–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Öjehagen A, Regnéll G, Träskman-Bendz L. Deliberate self-poisoning: repeaters and nonrepeaters admitted to an intensive care unit. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1991

Welcher B, Rubin P, Nordentoff M. Admission of self-poisoned patients during one year at the Poisoning Treatment Centre, Copenhagen. Denmark Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993;87(S371):38–44.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gupta K, Sivakumar K, Smeeton N. Deliberate self-harm: a comparison of first-time cases and cases with a prior history. Ir J Psychol Med. 1995;12(4):131–4.

Article  Google Scholar 

Evans J, Platts H, Liebenau A. Impulsiveness and deliberate self-harm: a comparison of first-timers’ and repeaters. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;93(5):378–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rudd MD, Joiner TE, Rajab H. Relationships among suicide ideators, attempters, and multiple attempters in a young–adult sample. J Abnorm Psychol. 1996;105(4):541–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Favaro A, Santonastaso P. Suicidality in eating disorders: clinical and psychological correlates. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997;95(6):508–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chastang F, Rioux P, Dupont I, Baranger E, Kovess V, Zarifian E. Risk factors associated with suicide attempt in young French people. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1998;98(6):474–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Forman EM, Berk MS, Henriques GR, Brown GK, Beck AT. History of multiple suicide attempts as a behavioral marker of severe psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(3):437–43.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roy A. Relationship of childhood trauma to age of first suicide attempt and number of attempts in substance dependent patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;109(2):121–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mechri A, Mrad A, Ajmi F, Zaafrane F, Khiari G, Nouira S, et al. Les récidives suicidaires : étude comparative des caractéristiques des suicidants à répétition et des primosuicidants admis aux urgences d’un hôpital général tunisien. L’Encéphale. 2005;31(1):65–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaslow NJ, Jacobs CH, Young SL, Cook S. Suicidal behavior among low-income African American women: a comparison of first-time and repeat suicide attempters. J Black Psychol. 2006;32(3):349–65.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pagura J, Cox BJ, Sareen J, Enns MW. Factors associated with multiple versus single episode suicide attempts in the 1990–1992 and 2001–2003 United States National Comorbidity Surveys. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008;196(11):806–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

da Silva Cais CF, Stefanello S, Fabrício Mauro ML, Vaz Scavacini de Freitas G, Botega NJ. Factors associated with repeated suicide attempts: preliminary results of the WHO Multisite Intervention Study on Suicidal Behavior (SUPRE-MISS) from Campinas, Brazil. Crisis. 2009;30(2):73–8.

Gibb BE, Andover MS, Miller IW. Depressive characteristics of adult psychiatric inpatients with a history of multiple versus one or no suicide attempts. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(6):568–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20412.

Ilgen MA, Burnette ML, Conner KR, Czyz E, Murray R, Chermack S. The association between violence and lifetime suicidal thoughts and behaviors in individuals treated for substance use disorders. Addict Behav. 2010;35(2):111–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cankaya B, Talbot NL, Ward EA, Duberstein PR. Parental sexual abuse and suicidal behaviour among women with major depressive disorder. Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57(1):45–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Delaney C, McGrane J, Cummings E, Morris DW, Tropea D, Gill M, et al. Preserved cognitive function is associated with suicidal ideation and single suicide attempts in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2012;140(1–3):232–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rajappa K, Gallagher M, Miranda R. Emotion dysregulation and vulnerability to suicidal ideation and attempts. Cogn Ther Res. 2012;36(6):833–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Soloff PH, Chiappetta L. Subtyping borderline personality disorder by suicidal behavior. J Pers Disord 2012;26(3):468–80. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2012.26.3.468.

Choi KH, Wang SM, Yeon B, Suh SY, Oh Y, Lee HK, et al. Risk and protective factors predicting multiple suicide attempts. Psychiatry Res. 2013;210(3):957–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miranda R, Tsypes A, Gallagher M, Rajappa K. Rumination and hopelessness as mediators of the relation between perceived emotion dysregulation and suicidal ideation. Cogn Ther Res. 2013;37(4):786–95.

Article  Google Scholar 

Stringer B, van Meijel B, Eikelenboom M, Koekkoek B, M.M Licht C, Kerkhof AJFM, et al. Recurrent suicide attempts in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders: the role of borderline personality traits. J Affect Disord. 2013;151(1):23–30.

Bryan CJ, Rudd MD, Wertenberger E. Individual and environmental contingencies associated with multiple suicide attempts among U.S. military personnel. Psychiatry Res. 2016;242:88–93.

Okan İbiloğlu A, Atli A, Demir S, Güneş M, Kaya MC, Bulut M, et al. The investigation of factors related to suicide attempts in Southeastern Turkey. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;407.

Sinclair SJ, Roche MJ, Temes C, Massey C, Chung WJ, Stein M, et al. Evaluating chronic suicide risk with the Personality Assessment Inventory: development and initial validation of the Chronic Suicide Risk Index (S_Chron). Psychiatry Res. 2016;245:443–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stanley IH, Rufino KA, Rogers ML, Ellis TE, Joiner TE. Acute Suicidal Affective Disturbance (ASAD): a confirmatory factor analysis with 1442 psychiatric inpatients. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;80:97–104.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Asellus P, Nordström P, Nordström AL, Jokinen J. CSF Apolipoprotein E in attempted suicide. J Affect Disord. 2018;225:246–9.

Article  CAS