Zuchi C, Tritto I, Carluccio E et al (2020) Role of endothelial dysfunction in heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 25:21–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-019-09881-3

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chioncel O, Lainscak M, Seferovic PM et al (2017) Epidemiology and one-year outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved, mid-range and reduced ejection fraction: an analysis of the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. Eur J Heart Fail 19:1574–1585. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.813

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD et al (2016) 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 18:891–975. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.592

Article  Google Scholar 

Hernandez AF, Greiner MA, Fonarow GC (2010) Relationship between early physician follow-up and 30-day readmission among medicare beneficiaries hospitalized for heart failure. JAMA 303:1716–1722. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.533

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen LM, Jha AK, Guterman S (2010) Hospital cost of care, quality of care, and readmission rates: penny wise and pound foolish? Arch Intern Med 170:340–346. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.511

Article  Google Scholar 

Chun S, Tu JV, Wijeysundera HC (2012) Lifetime analysis of hospitalizations and survival of patients newly admitted with heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 5:414–421. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.964791

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Desai AS, Stevenson LW (2012) Rehospitalization for heart failure: predict or prevent? Circulation 126:501–506. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.125435

Article  Google Scholar 

Friedrich EB, Böhm M (2007) Management of end stage heart failure. Heart 93:626–631. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2006.098814

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berliner D, Bauersachs J (2017) Current drug therapy in chronic heart failure: the New Guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Korean Circ J 47:543–554. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2017.0030

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schwinger RHG (2021) Pathophysiology of heart failure. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 11:263–276. https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt-20-302

Kurmani S, Squire I (2017) Acute heart failure: definition, classification and epidemiology. Curr Heart Fail Rep 14:385–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11897-017-0351-y

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Polyakova EA, Mikhaylov EN, Sonin DL (2021) Neurohumoral, cardiac and inflammatory markers in the evaluation of heart failure severity and progression. J Geriatr Cardiol 18:47–66. https://doi.org/10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2021.01.007

Giannitsi S, Bougiakli M, Bechlioulis A, Naka K (2019) Endothelial dysfunction and heart failure: a review of the existing bibliography with emphasis on flow mediated dilation. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis 8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2048004019843047

Cao Z, Jia Y, Zhu B (2019) BNP and NT-proBNP as diagnostic biomarkers for cardiac dysfunction in both clinical and forensic medicine. Int J Mol Sci 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081820

Iqbal N, Wentworth B, Choudhary R (2012) Cardiac biomarkers: new tools for heart failure management. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2:147–164. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2012.06.03

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nadar SK, Shaikh MM (2019) Biomarkers in routine heart failure clinical care. Card Fail Rev 5:50–56. https://doi.org/10.15420/cfr.2018.27.2

Badianyama M, Mpanya D, Adamu U et al (2022) New biomarkers and their potential role in heart failure treatment optimisation-an African perspective. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 9:335. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9100335

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maalouf R, Bailey S (2016) A review on B-type natriuretic peptide monitoring: assays and biosensors. Heart Fail Rev 21:567–578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-016-9544-9

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Daniels LB, Maisel AS (2007) Natriuretic peptides. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:2357–2368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.09.021

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nakagawa O, Ogawa Y, Itoh H (1995) Rapid transcriptional activation and early mRNA turnover of brain natriuretic peptide in cardiocyte hypertrophy. Evidence for brain natriuretic peptide as an “emergency” cardiac hormone against ventricular overload. J Clin Invest 96:1280–1287. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI118162

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kerkelä R, Ulvila J, Magga J (2015) Natriuretic peptides in the regulation of cardiovascular physiology and metabolic events. J Am Heart Assoc 4:e002423. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.115.002423

Omar HR, Guglin M (2016) Discharge BNP is a stronger predictor of 6-month mortality in acute heart failure compared with baseline BNP and admission-to-discharge percentage BNP reduction. Int J Cardiol 221:1116–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.117

Article  Google Scholar 

Luchner A, Hengstenberg C, Löwel H (2005) Effect of compensated renal dysfunction on approved heart failure markers

Packer M (2018) Leptin-aldosterone-neprilysin axis: identification of its distinctive role in the pathogenesis of the three phenotypes of heart failure in people with obesity. Circulation 137:1614–1631. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032474

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ibrahim NE, McCarthy CP, Shrestha S (2019) Effect of neprilysin inhibition on various natriuretic peptide assays. J Am Coll Cardiol 73:1273–1284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.12.063

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Daniels LB, Clopton P, Bhalla V (2006) How obesity affects the cut-points for B-type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of acute heart failure: results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study. Am Heart J 151:999–1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2005.10.011

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shrivastava A, Haase T, Zeller T, Schulte C (2020) Biomarkers for heart failure prognosis: proteins, genetic scores and non-coding RNAs

Stolfo D, Stenner E, Merlo M (2017) Prognostic impact of BNP variations in patients admitted for acute decompensated heart failure with in-hospital worsening renal function. Heart Lung Circ 26:226–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2016.06.1205

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Update | Cardiac biomarkers and heart failure

van Kimmenade RR, Januzzi JL, Ellinor PT et al (2006) Utility of amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, galectin-3, and apelin for the evaluation of patients with acute heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 48:1217–1224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.061

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Imran TF, Shin HJ, Mathenge N et al (2017) Meta-analysis of the usefulness of plasma galectin-3 to predict the risk of mortality in patients with heart failure and in the general population. Am J Cardiol 119:57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.09.019

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jiang J, Yang B, Sun Y (2022) Diagnostic value of serum concentration of galectin-3 in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Front Cardiovasc Med 8

Ho JE, Liu C, Lyass A (2012) Galectin-3, a marker of cardiac fibrosis, predicts incident heart failure in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol 60:1249–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.04.053

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Prognostic role of cardiac troponin in heart failure

Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD (2007) Universal definition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.09.011

Peacock WF, Marco T, Fonarow GC (2008) Cardiac troponin and outcome in acute heart failure. N Engl J Med 358:2117–2126. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0706824

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chow SL, Maisel AS, Anand I et al (2017) Role of biomarkers for the prevention, assessment, and management of heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 135. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000490

Binas D, Daniel H, Richter A et al (2018) The prognostic value of sST2 and galectin-3 considering different aetiologies in non-ischaemic heart failure. Open Heart 5:e000750. https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2017-000750

Vallejo-Vaz AJ, Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London, UK (2015) Novel biomarkers in heart failure beyond natriuretic peptides – the case for soluble ST2. Eur Cardiol Rev 10:37. https://doi.org/10.15420/ecr.2015.10.01.37

Thupakula S, Nimmala SSR, Ravula H et al (2022) Emerging biomarkers for the detection of cardiovascular diseases. Egypt Heart J 74:77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43044-022-00317-2

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nayeem MA (2018) Role of oxylipins in cardiovascular diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 39:1142–1154. https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2018.24

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nakagawa Y, Nishikimi T, Kuwahara K (2019) Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides: Hormones secreted from the heart. Peptides 111:18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2018.05.012

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hara A, Niwa M, Kanayama T et al (2020) Galectin-3: a potential prognostic and diagnostic marker for heart disease and detection of early stage pathology. Biomolecules 10:1277. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10091277

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Slack RJ, Mills R, Mackinnon AC (2021) The therapeutic potential of galectin-3 inhibition in fibrotic disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 130:105881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105881

Su J-H, Luo M-Y, Liang N et al (2021) Interleukin-6: a novel target for cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. Front Pharmacol 12:745061. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.745061

Behbodikhah J, Ahmed S, Elyasi A et al (2021) Apolipoprotein B and cardiovascular disease: biomarker and potential therapeutic target. Metabolites 11:690. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100690

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shrivastava A, Haase T, Zeller T, Schulte C (2020) Biomarkers for heart failure prognosis: proteins, genetic scores and non-coding RNAs. Front Cardiovasc Med 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2020.601364

Schumacher SM, Naga Prasad SV (2018) Tumor necrosis factor-α in heart failure: an updated review. Curr Cardiol Rep 20:117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-018-1067-7

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rolski F, Błyszczuk P (2020) Complexity of TNF-α signaling in heart disease. JCM 9:3267. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103267

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou J, Chen X, Chen W et al (2021) Comprehensive plasma metabolomic and lipidomic analyses reveal potential biomarkers for heart failure. Mol Cell Biochem 476:3449–3460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-021-04159-5

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ortmayr K, Dubuis S, Zampieri M (2019) Metabolic profiling of cancer cells reveals genome-wide crosstalk between transcriptional regulators and metabolism. Nat Commun 10:1841. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09695-9

Article  CAS