© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

[1]  Kirby Institute. HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia: annual surveillance report 2018. UNSW; 2018. Available at https://www.kirby.unsw.edu.au/research/reports/asr2018 [2]  Reekie J, Donovan B, Guy R, Hocking JS, Jorm L, Kaldor JM, et al. Hospitalisations for pelvic inflammatory disease temporally related to a diagnosis of chlamydia or gonorrhoea: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2014; 9 e94361
| Hospitalisations for pelvic inflammatory disease temporally related to a diagnosis of chlamydia or gonorrhoea: a retrospective cohort study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [3]  Reekie J, Donovan B, Guy R, Hocking JS, Kaldor JM, Mak D, et al. Risk of ectopic pregnancy and tubal infertility following gonorrhea and chlamydia infections. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 69 1621–3.
| Risk of ectopic pregnancy and tubal infertility following gonorrhea and chlamydia infections.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [4]  Wijesooriya NS, Rochat RW, Kamb ML, Turlapati P, Temmerman M, Broutet N, et al. Global burden of maternal and congenital syphilis in 2008 and 2012: a health systems modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 2016; 4 e525–e33. [5]  Bell S, Aggleton P, Ward J, Maher L. Sexual agency, risk and vulnerability: a scoping review of young Indigenous Australians’ sexual health. J Youth Stud 2017; 20 1208–24.
| Sexual agency, risk and vulnerability: a scoping review of young Indigenous Australians’ sexual health.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [6]  Commonwealth of Australia. Fifth National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander blood-borne virus and sexually transmissible infections strategy 2018–2022. Department of Health; 2018. [7]  Department of Health. Eighth National HIV Strategy 2018–2022. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2018. [8]  Department of Health. Fourth National Sexually Transmissible Infections Strategy 2018-2022. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2018. [9]  Graham S, Smith LW, Fairley CK, Hocking J. Prevalence of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomonas in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Health 2016; 13 99–113.
| Prevalence of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomonas in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [10]  Nattabi B, Girgis S, Matthews V, Bailie R, Ward JE. Clinic predictors of better syphilis testing in Aboriginal primary healthcare: a promising opportunity for primary healthcare service managers. Aust J Prim Health 2018;
| Clinic predictors of better syphilis testing in Aboriginal primary healthcare: a promising opportunity for primary healthcare service managers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [11]  Webb MJ, Kauer SD, Ozer EM, Haller DM, Sanci LA. Does screening for and intervening with multiple health compromising behaviours and mental health disorders amongst young people attending primary care improve health outcomes? A systematic review. BMC Fam Pract 2016; 17 104
| Does screening for and intervening with multiple health compromising behaviours and mental health disorders amongst young people attending primary care improve health outcomes? A systematic review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [12]  The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Guidelines for preventive activities in general practice. East Melbourne: RACGP; 2016. Available at https://www.racgp.org.au/download/Documents/Guidelines/Redbook9/17048-Red-Book-9th-Edition.pdf [13]  Sanci L, Webb M, Hocking J. Risk-taking behaviour in adolescents. Aust J Gen Pract 2018; 47 829–34.
| Risk-taking behaviour in adolescents.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [14]  Hocking JS, Parker RM, Pavlin N, Fairley CK, Gunn JM. What needs to change to increase chlamydia screening in general practice in Australia? The views of general practitioners. BMC Public Health 2008; 8 425
| What needs to change to increase chlamydia screening in general practice in Australia? The views of general practitioners.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [15]  Pavlin NL, Parker R, Fairley CK, Gunn JM, Hocking J. Take the sex out of STI screening! Views of young women on implementing chlamydia screening in general practice. BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8 62
| Take the sex out of STI screening! Views of young women on implementing chlamydia screening in general practice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [16]  Harfield SG, Davy C, McArthur A, Munn Z, Brown A, Brown N. Characteristics of Indigenous primary health care service delivery models: a systematic scoping review. Global Health 2018; 14 12
| Characteristics of Indigenous primary health care service delivery models: a systematic scoping review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [17]  Dudgeon P, Bray A. Reproductive justive and culturally safe approaches to sexual and reproductive health for Indigenous women and girls. In: Ussher JM, Chrisler JC, Perz J, editors. Routledge International Handbook of Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health. Routledge; 2020. [18]  Ward J, Bryant J, Worth H, Hull P, Solar S, Bailey S. Use of health services for sexually transmitted and blood-borne viral infections by young Aboriginal people in New South Wales. Aust J Prim Health 2013; 19 81–6.
| Use of health services for sexually transmitted and blood-borne viral infections by young Aboriginal people in New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [19]  National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation and The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. National guide to a preventive health assessment for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. East Melbourne: NACCHO and RACGP; 2018. [20]  Nikander K, Hermanson E, Vahlberg T, Kaila M, Sannisto T, Kosola S. Associations between study questionnaire-assessed need and school doctor-evaluated benefit of routine health checks: an observational study. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21 346
| Associations between study questionnaire-assessed need and school doctor-evaluated benefit of routine health checks: an observational study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [21]  Rieck T, Feig M, Delere Y, Wichmann O. Utilization of administrative data to assess the association of an adolescent health check-up with human papillomavirus vaccine uptake in Germany. Vaccine 2014; 32 5564–9. [22]  Coker TR, Sareen HG, Chung PJ, Kennedy DP, Weidmer BA, Schuster MA. Improving access to and utilization of adolescent preventive health care: the perspectives of adolescents and parents. J Adolesc Health 2010; 47 133–42.
| Improving access to and utilization of adolescent preventive health care: the perspectives of adolescents and parents.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [23]  Chingono RMS, Mackworth-Young CRS, Ross DA, Tshuma M, Chiweshe T, Nyamayaro C, et al. Designing routine health checkups for adolescents in Zimbabwe. J Adolesc Health 2021; 69 940–7.
| Designing routine health checkups for adolescents in Zimbabwe.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [24]  Nattabi B, Matthews V, Bailie J, Rumbold A, Scrimgeour D, Schierhout G, et al. Wide variation in sexually transmitted infection testing and counselling at Aboriginal primary health care centres in Australia: analysis of longitudinal continuous quality improvement data. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17 148
| Wide variation in sexually transmitted infection testing and counselling at Aboriginal primary health care centres in Australia: analysis of longitudinal continuous quality improvement data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [25]  Bradley C, Hengel B, Crawford K, Elliott S, Donovan B, Mak DB, et al. Establishment of a sentinel surveillance network for sexually transmissible infections and blood borne viruses in Aboriginal primary care services across Australia: the ATLAS project. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20 769
| Establishment of a sentinel surveillance network for sexually transmissible infections and blood borne viruses in Aboriginal primary care services across Australia: the ATLAS project.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [26]  Thurber KA, Thandrayen J, Banks E, Doery K, Sedgwick M, Lovett R. Strengths-based approaches for quantitative data analysis: a case study using the australian Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children. SSM - Population Health 2020; 12 100637
| Strengths-based approaches for quantitative data analysis: a case study using the australian Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [27]  Fogarty W, Lovell M, Langenberg J, Heron M-J. Deficit Discourse and Strengths-based Approaches: Changing the Narrative of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health and Wellbeing. The Lowitja Institute; 2018. Available at https://www.lowitja.org.au/page/services/resources/Cultural-and-social-determinants/racism/deficit-discourse-strengths-based [28]  Walter M, Andersen C. Indigenous statistics: a quantitative research methodology. Routledge; 2013. [29]  Bailie J, Laycock A, Matthews V, Peiris D, Bailie R. Emerging evidence of the value of health assessments for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in the primary healthcare setting. Aust J Prim Health 2019; 25 1–5.
| Emerging evidence of the value of health assessments for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in the primary healthcare setting.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [30]  Ward J, Bryant J, Wand H, Pitts M, Smith A, Thiele DD, et al. Sexual Health and relationships in young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute; 2014. [31]  Australian Government. Modified Monash Model. Canberra: Department of Health; 2021. [32]  Australian Bureau of Statistics. Summary: Socio-economic advantage and disadvantage. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2018. [33]  Kirby Institute. Bloodborne viral and sexually transmissible infections in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: annual surveillance report 2018. Sydney: Kirby Institute; 2018. [34]  D’Costa B, Lobo R, Thomas J, Ward JS. Evaluation of the young deadly free peer education training program: early results, methodological challenges, and learnings for future evaluations. Front Public Health 2019; 7 74
| Evaluation of the young deadly free peer education training program: early results, methodological challenges, and learnings for future evaluations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [35]  Ward J, Guy RJ, Rumbold AR, McGregor S, Wand H, McManus H, et al. Strategies to improve control of sexually transmissible infections in remote Australian Aboriginal communities: a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob Health 2019; 7 e1553–63.
| Strategies to improve control of sexually transmissible infections in remote Australian Aboriginal communities: a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised trial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [36]  Bright A, Dups J. Infectious and congenital syphilis notifications associated with an ongoing outbreak in Northern Australia; 2016. Available at https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-cdi4001b.htm [37]  Bell S, Aggleton P, Ward J, Murray W, Silver B, Lockyer A, et al. Young Aboriginal people’s engagement with STI testing in the Northern Territory, Australia. BMC Public Health 2020; 20 459
| Young Aboriginal people’s engagement with STI testing in the Northern Territory, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [38]  Harrod ME, Couzos S, Ward J, Saunders M, Donovan B, Hammond B, et al. Gonorrhoea testing and positivity in non-remote Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services. Sex Health 2017; 14 320–4.
| Gonorrhoea testing and positivity in non-remote Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [39]  Graham S, Wand HC, Ward JS, Knox J, McCowen D, Bullen P, et al. Attendance patterns and chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing among young people in Aboriginal primary health centres in New South Wales, Australia. Sex Health 2015; 12 445–52.
| Attendance patterns and chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing among young people in Aboriginal primary health centres in New South Wales, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [40]  Ward J, Goller J, Ali H, Bowring A, Couzos S, Saunders M, et al. Chlamydia among Australian Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people attending sexual health services, general practices and Aboriginal community controlled health services. BMC Health Services Research 2014; 14 285
| Chlamydia among Australian Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people attending sexual health services, general practices and Aboriginal community controlled health services.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [41]  Kotey B. Demographic and economic changes in remote Australia. Aust Geogr 2015; 46 183–201.
| Demographic and economic changes in remote Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [42]  Reeson AF, Measham TG, Hosking K. Mining activity, income inequality and gender in regional Australia*. Aust J Agric Resour Econ 2012; 56 302–13.
| Mining activity, income inequality and gender in regional Australia*.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [43]  Goller JL, Ward J, Saunders M, Couzos S, Kaldor J, Hellard MA, et al. Chlamydia sentinel surveillance in Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services finds higher testing and positivity rates among younger people. Aust N Z J Public Health 2012; 36 577–581.
| Chlamydia sentinel surveillance in Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services finds higher testing and positivity rates among younger people.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [44]  Kong FYS, Guy RJ, Hocking JS, Merritt T, Pirotta M, Heal C, et al. Australian general practitioner chlamydia testing rates among young people. Med J Aust 2011; 194 249–252.
| Australian general practitioner chlamydia testing rates among young people.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [45]  Hengel B, Guy R, Garton L, Ward J, Rumbold A, Taylor-Thomson D, et al. Barriers and facilitators of sexually transmissible infection testing in remote Australian Aboriginal communities: results from the Sexually Transmitted Infections in Remote Communities, Improved and Enhanced Primary Health Care (STRIVE) Study. Sex Health 2015; 12 4–12.
| Barriers and facilitators of sexually transmissible infection testing in remote Australian Aboriginal communities: results from the Sexually Transmitted Infections in Remote Communities, Improved and Enhanced Primary Health Care (STRIVE) Study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [46]  Ubrihien A, Lewis DA, Rambaldini B, Kirwan M, Gwynne K. Clinicians’ perspectives on why young Aboriginal people are not testing for sexually transmissible infections in Western Sydney. Int J STD AIDS 2023;; 9564624231179766
| Clinicians’ perspectives on why young Aboriginal people are not testing for sexually transmissible infections in Western Sydney.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [47]  Graham S, Martin K, Gardner K, Beadman M, Doyle MF, Bolt R, et al. Aboriginal young people’s perspectives and experiences of accessing sexual health services and sex education in Australia: A qualitative study. Glob Public Health 2023; 18 2196561
| Aboriginal young people’s perspectives and experiences of accessing sexual health services and sex education in Australia: A qualitative study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [48]  Spurway K, Sullivan C, Leha J, Trewlynn W, Briskman L, Soldatic K. “I felt invisible”: First nations LGBTIQSB+ young people’s experiences with health service provision in Australia. J Gay Lesbian Soc Serv 2022; 35 68–91.
| “I felt invisible”: First nations LGBTIQSB+ young people’s experiences with health service provision in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |