Holick MF (2012) Vitamin D: extraskeletal health. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 38:141–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RDC.2012.03.013

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Keim SA, Bodnar LM, Klebanoff MA (2014) Maternal and cord blood 25(OH)-vitamin D concentrations in relation to child development and behaviour. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 28:434–444. https://doi.org/10.1111/PPE.12135

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Strøm M, Halldorsson TI, Hansen S et al (2014) Vitamin D measured in maternal serum and offspring neurodevelopmental outcomes: a prospective study with long-term follow-up. Ann Nutr Metab 64:254–261. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365030

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morales E, Guxens M, Llop S et al (2012) Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in pregnancy and infant neuropsychological development. Pediatrics 130. https://doi.org/10.1542/PEDS.2011-3289

Camargo CA, Ingham T, Wickens K et al (2011) Cord-blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of respiratory infection, wheezing, and asthma. Pediatrics 127. https://doi.org/10.1542/PEDS.2010-0442

Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al (2011) Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:1911–1930. https://doi.org/10.1210/JC.2011-0385

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wagner CL, Hollis BW, Kotsa K et al (2017) Vitamin D administration during pregnancy as prevention for pregnancy, neonatal and postnatal complications. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 18:307–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11154-017-9414-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rostami M, Tehrani FR, Simbar M et al (2018) Effectiveness of prenatal vitamin D deficiency screening and treatment program: a stratified randomized field trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 103:2936–2948. https://doi.org/10.1210/JC.2018-00109

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holick MF (2019) A call to action: pregnant women in-deed require vitamin D supplementation for better health outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104:13–15. https://doi.org/10.1210/JC.2018-01108

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hollis BW (1984) Comparison of equilibrium and disequilibrium assay conditions for ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol and their major metabolites. J Steroid Biochem 21:81–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(84)90063-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ross AC, Manson JAE, Abrams SA et al (2011) The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:53–58. https://doi.org/10.1210/JC.2010-2704

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jones KS, Assar S, Harnpanich D et al (2014) 25(OH)D2 half-life is shorter than 25(OH)D3 half-life and is influenced by DBP concentration and genotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:3373–3381. https://doi.org/10.1210/JC.2014-1714

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhu GD, Okamura WH (1995) Synthesis of vitamin D (calciferol). Chem Rev 95:1877–1952. https://doi.org/10.1021/CR00038A007

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bikle DD, Malmstroem S, Schwartz J (2017) Current controversies: are free vitamin metabolite levels a more accurate assessment of vitamin D status than total levels? Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 46:901–918. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECL.2017.07.013

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bischoff HA, Borchers M, Gudat F et al (2001) In situ detection of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor in human skeletal muscle tissue. Histochem J 33:19–24. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017535728844

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Calman K (1998) Nutrition and bone health: with particular reference to calcium and vitamin D. Report of the Subgroup on Bone Health, Working Group on the Nutritional Status of the Population of the Committee on Medical Aspects of the Food Nutrition Policy - PubMed. In: The Stationary Office. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9932291/. Accessed 13 Apr 2023

Jones G, Prosser DE, Kaufmann M (2012) 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1): its important role in the degradation of vitamin D. Arch Biochem Biophys 523:9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ABB.2011.11.003

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

MacDonald HM, Mavroeidi A, Fraser WD et al (2011) Sunlight and dietary contributions to the seasonal vitamin D status of cohorts of healthy postmenopausal women living at northerly latitudes: a major cause for concern? Osteoporos Int 22:2461–2472. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00198-010-1467-Z

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hollis BW, Wagner CL (2017) New insights into the vitamin D requirements during pregnancy. Bone Res 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/BONERES.2017.30

Hollis BW, Johnson D, Hulsey TC et al (2011) Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness. J Bone Miner Res 26:2341–2357. https://doi.org/10.1002/JBMR.463

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barrera D, Noyola-Martínez N, Avila E et al (2012) Calcitriol inhibits interleukin-10 expression in cultured human trophoblasts under normal and inflammatory conditions. Cytokine 57:316–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CYTO.2011.11.020

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barrera D, Díaz L, Noyola-Martínez N, Halhali A (2015) Vitamin D and inflammatory cytokines in healthy and preeclamptic pregnancies. Nutrients 7:6465–6490. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU7085293

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pineda A, Verdin-Terán SL, Camacho A, Moreno-Fierros L (2011) Expression of toll-like receptor TLR-2, TLR-3, TLR-4 and TLR-9 is increased in placentas from patients with preeclampsia. Arch Med Res 42:382–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ARCMED.2011.08.003

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mennitti LV, Oliveira JL, Morais CA et al (2015) Type of fatty acids in maternal diets during pregnancy and/or lactation and metabolic consequences of the offspring. J Nutr Biochem 26:99–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JNUTBIO.2014.10.001

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharma SS, Jangale NM, Harsulkar AM et al (2017) Chronic maternal calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in Wistar rats programs abnormal hepatic gene expression leading to hepatic steatosis in female offspring. J Nutr Biochem 43:36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JNUTBIO.2017.01.008

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ponsonby AL, Lucas RM, Lewis S, Halliday J (2010) Vitamin D status during pregnancy and aspects of offspring health. Nutrients 2:389–407. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU2030389

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hossein-Nezhad A, Holick MF (2013) Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. Mayo Clin Proc 88:720–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MAYOCP.2013.05.011

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hollis BW, Wagner CL (2022) Substantial vitamin D supplementation is required during the prenatal period to improve birth outcomes. Nutrients 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU14040899

Priemel M, Von Domarus C, Klatte TO et al (2010) Bone mineralization defects and vitamin D deficiency: histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest bone biopsies and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 675 patients. J Bone Miner Res 25:305–312. https://doi.org/10.1359/JBMR.090728

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cashman KD, Ritz C, Kiely M (2017) Improved dietary guidelines for vitamin D: application of individual participant data (IPD)-level meta-regression analyses. Nutrients 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU9050469

Mol BWJ, Roberts CT, Thangaratinam S et al (2016) Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 387:999–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00070-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laresgoiti-Servitje E, Gómez-lópez N, Olson DM (2010) An immunological insight into the origins of pre-eclampsia. Hum Reprod Update 16:510–524. https://doi.org/10.1093/HUMUPD/DMQ007

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hyppönen E, Cavadino A, Williams D et al (2013) Vitamin D and pre-eclampsia: original data, systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Nutr Metab 63:331–340. https://doi.org/10.1159/000358338

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hofmeyr GJ, Lawrie TA, Atallah ÁN et al (2014) Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001059.PUB4

Hollis BW, Wagner CL (2013) Vitamin D and pregnancy: skeletal effects, nonskeletal effects, and birth outcomes. Calcif Tissue Int 92:128–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00223-012-9607-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fogacci S, Fogacci F, Banach M et al (2020) Vitamin D supplementation and incident preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Nutr 39:1742–1752. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLNU.2019.08.015

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Shoumer KA, Al-Essa TM (2015) Is there a relationship between vitamin D with insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus? World J Diabetes 6:1057. https://doi.org/10.4239/WJD.V6.I8.1057

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grammatiki M, Karras S, Kotsa K (2019) The role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mellitus: a narrative review. Hormones (Athens) 18:37–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/S42000-018-0063-Z

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carpentier JL, Gorden P, Lew DP (1992) Calcium ions are required for the intracellular routing of insulin and its receptor. Exp Cell Res 198:144–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(92)90160-A

Article