Deza G, Gimenez-Arnau AM. Allergic contact dermatitis in preservatives: current standing and future options. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;17(4):263–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Williams T. The mechanism of action of isothiazolinone biocides. Powerplant Chem. 2007;9:14–22.
Schwensen JF, Menne Bonefeld C, Zachariae C, et al. Cross-reactivity between methylisothiazolinone, octylisothiazolinone and benzisothiazolinone using a modified local lymph node assay. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176:176–83.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Alexander BR. An assessment of the comparative sensitization potential of some common isothiazolinones. Contact Dermatitis. 2002;46:191–6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
de Groot AC, Liem DH, Weyland JW. Kathon CG: cosmetic allergy and patch test sensitization. Contact Dermatitis. 1985;12(2):76–80.
Wilkinson JD, Shaw S, Andersen KE, et al. Monitoring levels of preservative sensitivity in Europe. A 10-year overview (1991–2000). Contact Dermatitis. 2002;46(4):207–10.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Leiva-Salinas M, Frances L, Marin-Cabanas I, et al. Methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone allergies can be detected by 200 ppm of methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone patch test concentration. Dermatitis. 2014;25(3):130–4.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Leiva-Salinas M, Frances L, Silvestre JF. Update on allergic contact dermatitis due to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2014;105(9):840–6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Latheef F, Wilkinson SM. Methylisothiazolinone outbreak in the European Union. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;15(5):461–6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
European Union Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). http://ec.europa.eu/health/archive/ph_risk/committees/04_sccp/docs/sccp_o_060.pdf. Accessed 6 Jan 2023.
European Union Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/sccp/documents/out270_en.pdf. Accessed 6 Jan 2023.
SCCS. Scientific committee on consumer safety, opinion on methylisothiazolinone (p 94) – submission ii, 12 December 2013, sccs/1521/13, revision of 27 march 2014. European Commission; 2014.
SCCS. Scientific committee on consumer safety, opinion on methylisothiazolinone (mi) (p 94) sensitisation only, 25 June 2015, sccs/1557/15, final opinion December 2015. European Commission; 2015.
Urwin R, Craig S, Latheef F, Wilkinson M. Methylisothiazolinone: the epidemic is declining – but not gone. Contact Dermatitis. 2017;76:301–2.
• Uter W, Aalto-Korte K, Agner T, Andersen K, Bircher A, et al. The epidemic of methylisothiazolinone contact allergy in Europe: follow-up on changing exposures. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34:333–9. Demonstrated that as a consequence of regulation, allergic contact dermatitis from MI in cosmetics (leave-on in particular) is decreasing.
Herman A, Aerts O, de Montjoye L, et al. Isothiazolinone derivatives and allergic contact dermatitis: a review and update. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33:267–76.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pedersen NB. Occupational allergy from 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one and other preservatives in plastic emulsions. Contact Dermatitis. 1976;2:340–2.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Thormann J. Contact dermatitis to a new fungicide, 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one. Contact Dermatitis. 1982;8:204.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Geier J, Lessmann H, Schnuch A, Uter W. Concomitant reactivity to methylisothiazolinone, benzisothiazolinone, and octylisothiazolinone. International Network of Departments of Dermatology data, 2009–2013. Contact Dermatitis. 2015;72(5):337–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Craig S, Urwin R, Latheef F, Wilkinson M. Patch test clinic experience of potential cross-reactivity of isothiazolinones. Contact Dermatitis. 2017;76(5):299–300.
•• Russo JP, Aerts O. In vivo demonstration of immunologic cross-reactivity to octylisothiazolinone in patients primarily and strongly sensitized to methylisothiazolinone. Contact Dermatitis. 2020;83(5):391–7. Established that patients primarily and strongly sensitized to MI may show immunologic cross-reactions to OIT, and to a lesser extent to BIT.
Aalto-Korte K, Suuronen K. Patterns of concomitant allergic reactions in patients suggest cross-sensitization between octylisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone. Contact Dermatitis. 2017;77(6):385–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Holden C, Sabroe R. The frequency of contact allergy to four isothiazolinones in a general patch-test population, including a pilot study to determine the optimum patch test concentrations of benzisothiazolinone and octylisothiazolinone. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;75(suppl. 1):37–59.
Aerts O, Baeck M, Constandt L, et al. The dramatic increase in the rate of methylisothiazolinone contact allergy in Belgium: a multicentre study. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;71:41–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
•• King N, Latheef F, Wilkinson M. Trends in preservative allergy: benzisothiazolinone emerges from the pack. Contact Dermatitis. 2021;85(6):637–42. Demonstrated a significant increase in the prevalence of contact allergy to BIT compared to other newer isothiazolinones, probably as a consequence of increased use in household products and highlighted BIT as the one to watch out for.
DeKoven JG, Silverberg JI, Warshaw EM, Atwater AR, Reeder MJ, Sasseville D, et al. North American Contact Dermatitis Group Patch Test Results: 2017–2018. Dermatitis. 2021;32(2):111–23.
Bruze M, Goossens A, Isaksson M. Recommendation to increase the test concentration of methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone in the European baseline patch test series - on behalf of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis and the European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;71(1):35–40.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Isaksson M, Gruvberger B, Bruze M. Patch testing with serial dilutions of various isothiazolinones in patients hypersensitive to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;70(5):270–5.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lundov MD, Krongaard T, Menne TL, Johansen JD. Methylisothiazolinone contact allergy: a review. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(6):1178–82.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Urwin R, Wilkinson M. Methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone contact allergy: a new “epidemic.” Contact Dermatitis. 2013;68(4):253–5.
Isaksson M, Andersen KE, Goncalo M, et al. Multicentre patch testing with methylisothiazolinone by the European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;70(5):317–20.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bruze M, Engfeldt M, Goncalo M, Goossens A. Recommendation to include methylisothiazolinone in the European baseline patch test series–on behalf of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis and the European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Contact Dermatitis. 2013;69(5):263–70.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
•• Isaksson M, Andersen KE, Elsner P, et al. Patch testing with methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone using a new diagnostic mix: a multicenter study from the international contact dermatitis research group. Dermatitis. 2020;82(5):283–9. Showed that a new aqueous mix of MCI 0.015% and MI 0.2% detected significantly more patients with MCI/MI allergy than the currently used preparations baseline preparations of MCI/MI 0.02% and MI 0.2%.
Wilkinson M, Gonçalo M, Aerts O, et al. The European baseline series and recommended additions: 2019. Contact Dermatitis. 2019;80(1):1–4.
• Herman A, Aerts O, Jacobs MC, et al. Evolution of methylisothiazolinone sensitization: a Belgian multicentric study from 2014 to 2019. Contact Dermatitis. 2021;85(6):643–9. Showed that contact allergy to MI in Belgium has reached a pre-epidemic level, as a result of regulatory measures. Also that leave-on cosmetics, in contrast to rinse-off products, have almost disappeared as sensitization sources in Europe and that paints and detergents remain problematic and a high number of patients (co)sensitized to BIT should be a focus of future research.
Chew AL, Maibach HI. 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one (Proxel): irritant or allergen? A clinical study and literature review. Contact Dermatitis. 1997;36(3):131–6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Emmett EA, Ng SK, Levy MA, Moss JN, Morici IJ. The irritancy and allergenicity of 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (Skane M-8), with recommendations for patch test concentration. Contact Dermatitis. 1989;20:21–6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Uter W, Geier J, Bauer A, Schnuch A. Risk factors associated with methylisothiazolinone contact sensitization. Contact Dermatitis. 2013;69(4):231–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
McFadden JP, Mann J, White JM, et al. Outbreak of methylisothiazolinone allergy targeting those aged >/=40 years. Contact Dermatitis. 2013;69(1):53–5.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Admani S, Matiz C, Jacob SE. Methylisothiazolinone: a case of perianal dermatitis caused by wet wipes and review of an emerging pediatric allergen. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31(3):350–2.
Salman A, Demir G, Apti Ö. “Slime”: a trending cause of isothiazolinone contact allergy in children. Contact Dermatitis. 2019;80(6):409–11.
Lundov MD, Kolarik B, Bossi R, Gunnarsen L, Johansen JD. Emission of isothiazolinones from water-based paints. Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48:6989–94.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lundov MD, Friis UF, Menne T, Johansen JD. Methylisothiazolinone in paint forces a patient out of her apartment. Contact Dermatitis. 2013;69(4):252–3.
Lundov MD, Menne T. Airborne exposure to methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone from a toilet cleaner. Contact Dermatitis. 2013;68(4):252–3.
Lundov MD, Mosbech H, Thyssen JP, et al. Two cases of airborne allergic contact dermatitis caused by methylisothiazolinone in paint. Contact Dermatitis. 2011;65(3):17
Comments (0)