••Mosalam HR, Salem AA, El-Samadoni AM, Afifi HS, Ibrahim KM. Revalidation of mangled extremity severity score in lower limb traumatic vascular injury. Benha J Appl Sci. 2021;6:259–62. Comprehensive review of previously created injury severity scoring systems and their lack of validity in regards to prediction of patient recovery.

Article  Google Scholar 

Schirò GR, Sessa S, Piccioli A, et al. Primary amputation vs limb salvage in mangled extremity: a systematic review of the current scoring system. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-015-0832-7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Scalea TM, DuBose J, Moore EE, West M, Moore FA, McIntyre R, Cocanour C, Davis J, Ochsner MG, Feliciano D. Western trauma association critical decisions in trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72:86–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gustilo RB, Mendoza RM, Williams DN. Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care. 1984;24:742–6.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ricci JA, Abdou SA, Stranix JT, Lee Z-H, Anzai L, Thanik VD, Saadeh PB, Levine JP. Reconstruction of gustilo type IIIC injuries of the lower extremity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;144:982–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Swiontkowski MF, MacKenzie EJ, Bosse MJ, Jones AL, Travison T. Factors influencing the decision to amputate or reconstruct after high-energy lower extremity trauma. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care. 2002;52:641–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fox N, Rajani RR, Bokhari F, Chiu WC, Kerwin A, Seamon MJ, Skarupa D, Frykberg E. Evaluation and management of penetrating lower extremity arterial trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1097/ta.0b013e31827018e4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McHenry MAJT, Holcomb LTCJ, Aoki N, Lindsey RW. Fractures with major vascular injuries from gunshot wounds: implications of surgical sequence. J Trauma Injury Infect Crit Care. 2002;53:717–21.

Article  Google Scholar 

Burkhardt GE, Gifford SM, Propper B, Spencer JR, Williams K, Jones L, Sumner N, Cowart J, Rasmussen TE. The impact of ischemic intervals on neuromuscular recovery in a porcine (sus scrofa) survival model of extremity vascular injury. J Vasc Surg. 2011;53:165–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Inaba K, Aksoy H, Seamon MJ, et al. Multicenter evaluation of temporary intravascular shunt use in vascular trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;80:359–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ng Z, Askari M, Chim H. Approach to complex upper extremity injury: an algorithm. Semin Plast Surg. 2015;29:005–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bernstein ML, Chung KC. Early management of the mangled upper extremity. Injury. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2007.10.038.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

School MGM (2022) Management of the mangled extremity. In: Surgery. https://med.uth.edu/surgery/management-of-the-mangled-extremity/. Accessed 13 Sep 2022

Durham RM, Mistry BM, Mazuski JE, Shapiro M, Jacobs D. Outcome and utility of scoring systems in the management of the mangled extremity. Am J Surg. 1996;172:569–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Menakuru SR, Behera A, Jindal R, Kaman L, Doley R, Venkatesan R. Extremity vascular trauma in civilian population: a seven-year review from North India. Injury. 2005;36:400–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bosse MJ, MacKenzie EJ, Kellam JF, et al. A prospective evaluation of the clinical utility of the lower-extremity injury-severity scores. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83:3–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bolourani S, Thompson D, Siskind S, Kalyon BD, Patel VM, Mussa FF. Cleaning up the mess: can machine learning be used to predict lower extremity amputation after trauma-associated arterial injury? J Am Coll Surg. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.09.014.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bosse MJ, MacKenzie EJ, Kellam JF, et al. An analysis of outcomes of reconstruction or amputation after leg-threatening injuries. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1924–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

••Azoury SC, Stranix JT, Kovach SJ, Levin LS. Principles of orthoplastic surgery for lower extremity reconstruction: why is this important? J Reconstr Microsurg. 2019;37:042–50. The development of a combined orthopedic and plastic surgery approach to limb trauma has promoted further efforts at extremity salvage and improved reconstruction capabilities.

Google Scholar 

Bumbaširević M, Matić S, Palibrk T, Glišović Jovanović I, Mitković M, Lesić A. Mangled extremity-modern concepts in treatment. Injury. 2021;52:3555–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grinsell D, Keating CP. Peripheral nerve reconstruction after injury: a review of clinical and experimental therapies. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:1–13.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rinker B. Nerve transfers in the upper extremity. Ann Plast Surg. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1097/sap.0000000000000373.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jankovic J (2022) Nerve graft. In: nerve graft: an overview|sciencedirect topics. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/nerve-graft. Accessed 1 Oct 2022

Georgescu AV, Battiston B. Mangled upper extremity: our strategy of reconstruction and clinical results. Injury. 2021;52:3588–604.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miller EA, Iannuzzi NP, Kennedy SA. Management of the mangled upper extremity. JBJS Rev. 2018. https://doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.rvw.17.00131.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kusnezov N, Dunn JC, Stewart J, Mitchell JS, Pirela-Cruz M. Acute limb shortening for major near and complete upper extremity amputations with associated neurovascular injury: a review of the literature. Orthop Surg. 2015;7:306–16.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barinaga G, Rodriguez-Feo C, Rasmussen E, Telfer S, Iannuzzi N. The effect of forearm shortening on forearm range of motion. J Hand Surg. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.03.017.

Article  Google Scholar 

Valentin Georgescu A. Reconstructive microsurgery in upper limb reconstruction: 30 years’ experience of a single surgeon. J Hand Surg (Eur Vol). 2020;45:787–97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ete G, Paul K, Akamanchi AK, Cordelia MJF, Agarwal S. Pedicled thoracodorsal artery perforator flap in the soft-tissue reconstruction of an acute traumatic cubital fossa defect. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2022;75:2070–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jimenez Muñoz-Ledo G, Melgosa-Juárez M, Palacios-Júárez J, Morales-Maza J, Rodríguez-Quintero JH. Complex upper limb reconstruction using dorsoepigastric flap. Case report of a convenient resource. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2019;62:31–4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fokin AA, Puente I, Hus N, Rodriguez E, Weisz RD. Extracellular matrix applications in the treatment of open fractures with complex wounds and large soft tissue defects. J Orthop Trauma. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1097/bot.0000000000001034.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

••Zeiderman MR, Pu LL. Contemporary approach to soft-tissue reconstruction of the lower extremity after trauma. Burns Trauma. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/burnst/tkab024. Supermicosurgery has launched a new success in perforator flap survival with increased potential donor site and soft tissue coverage options.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Toon DH, Khan SA, Wong KH. Lengthening of a below knee amputation stump with Ilizarov technique in a patient with a mangled leg. Chin J Traumatol. 2019;22:364–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huckhagel T, Nüchtern J, Regelsberger J, Lefering R. Nerve injury in severe trauma with upper extremity involvement: evaluation of 49,382 patients from the Traumaregister DGU® between 2002 and 2015. Scand J Trauma Resuscit Emerg Med. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-018-0546-6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cox CT, Suryavanshi JR, Osemwengie BO, Rosqvist S, Blue M, McKee D, MacKay BJ. Evaluation of postoperative outcomes in patients following multi-level surgical reconstructions with the use Avive™ soft tissue membrane on nerve after traumatic injury of the upper extremity and lower extremity. SAGE Open Med. 2021;9:205031212110233.

Article  Google Scholar 

Brumberg RS, Kaelin LD, Derosier LC, Hutchinson H. Early results of supporting free flap coverage of mangled lower extremities with long saphenous arteriovenous loop grafts. Ann Vasc Surg. 2021;71:181–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Badash I, Gould DJ, Patel KM. Supermicrosurgery: history, applications, training and the future. Front Surg. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2018.00023.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Seroussi RE, Gitter A, Czerniecki JM, Weaver K. Mechanical work adaptations of above-knee amputee ambulation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77:1209–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Braaksma R, Dijkstra PU, Geertzen JH. Syme amputation: a systematic review. Foot Ankle Int. 2018;39:284–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mackenzie EJ, Bosse MJ, Castillo RC, et al. Functional outcomes following trauma-related lower-extremity amputation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86:1636–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bosse MJ, Morshed S, Reider L, et al. Transtibial amputation outcomes study (Taos): comparing transtibial amputation with and without a tibiofibular synostosis (ERTL) procedure. J Orthop Trauma. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1097/bot.0000000000000791.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Okereke I, Abdelfatah E. Limb salvage versus amputation for the mangled extremity: factors affecting decision-making and outcomes. Cureus. 2022. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.28153.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central