Rose EA, Gelijns AC, Moskowitz AJ, Heitjan DF, Stevenson LW, Dembitsky W, et al. Long-term use of a left ventricular assist device for end-stage heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(20):1435–43.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Lund LH, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY, Benden C, Dipchand AI, Goldfarb S, et al. The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: thirty-second official adult heart transplantation report--2015; focus theme: early graft failure. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015;34(10):1244–54.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Pagani FD, Kormos RL, Stevenson LW, Blume ED, et al. Sixth INTERMACS annual report: a 10,000-patient database. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(6):555–64.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gosev I, Kiernan MS, Eckman P, Soleimani B, Kilic A, Uriel N, et al. Long-term survival in patients receiving a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;105(3):696–701.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mohamed I, Lau CT, Bolen MA, El-Sherief AH, Azok JT, Karimov JH, et al. Building a bridge to save a failing ventricle: radiologic evaluation of short- and long-term cardiac assist devices. Radiographics. 2015;35(2):327–56.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flores AS, Essandoh M, Yerington GC, Bhatt AM, Iyer MH, Perez W, et al. Echocardiographic assessment for ventricular assist device placement. J Thorac Dis. 2015;7(12):2139–50.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Feldman D, Pamboukian SV, Teuteberg JJ, Birks E, Lietz K, Moore SA, et al. The 2013 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for mechanical circulatory support: executive summary. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2013;32(2):157–87.

Google Scholar 

Carr CM, Jacob J, Park SJ, Karon BL, Williamson EE, Araoz PA. CT of left ventricular assist devices. Radiographics. 2010;30(2):429–44.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prinzing A, Herold U, Berkefeld A, Krane M, Lange R, Voss B. Left ventricular assist devices-current state and perspectives. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8(8):E660–6.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sen A, Larson JS, Kashani KB, Libricz SL, Patel BM, Guru PK, et al. Mechanical circulatory assist devices: a primer for critical care and emergency physicians. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):153.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sajgalik P, Grupper A, Edwards BS, Kushwaha SS, Stulak JM, Joyce DL, et al. Current status of left ventricular assist device therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(7):927–40.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lim HS, Howell N, Ranasinghe A. The physiology of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices. J Card Fail. 2017;23(2):169–80.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Waller AH, Dunne R, Stewart GC, Ghosh N, Gosev I, Rybicki FJ, et al. Evaluation of bend relief disconnection in patients supported by a HeartMate II left ventricular assist device. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7(5):844–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Trankle CR, Grizzard JD, Shah KB, Rezai Gharai L, Dana F, Kang MS, et al. Left ventricular assist device outflow graft compression: incidence, clinical associations and potential etiologies. J Card Fail. 2019;25(7):545–52. This paper highlights the role of extrinsic compression from biodebris in the bend relief protector of outflow grafts.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chrysant GS, Phancao AA, Horstmanshof DA, Jones S, Long JW. Clinical utility of imaging left ventricular assist devices with 320 row multidetector computed tomography. ASAIO J. 2018;64(6):760–5.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tabari A, Lo Gullo R, Murugan V, Otrakji A, Digumarthy S, Kalra M. Recent advances in computed tomographic technology: cardiopulmonary imaging applications. J Thorac Imaging. 2017;32(2):89–100.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Halliburton SS, Tanabe Y, Partovi S, Rajiah P. The role of advanced reconstruction algorithms in cardiac CT. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2017;7(5):527–38.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Teigen LM, John R, Kuchnia AJ, Nagel EM, Earthman CP, Kealhofer J, et al. Preoperative pectoralis muscle quantity and attenuation by computed tomography are novel and powerful predictors of mortality after left ventricular assist device implantation. Circ Heart Fail. 2017;10(9):e004069.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Cogswell R, Trachtenberg B, Murray T, Schultz J, Teigen L, Allen T, et al. A novel model incorporating Pectoralis muscle measures to predict mortality after ventricular assist device implantation. J Card Fail. 2020;26(4):308–15. This paper highlights the role of pre-implantation pectoralis muscle assessment to predict prognosis after LVAD implantation.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Acharya D, Aryal S, Loyaga-Rendon R, Pamboukian SV, Tallaj J, Kirklin JK, et al. Use of computed tomography in preoperative planning for Heartware left ventricular assist device placement. ASAIO J. 2019;65(1):70–6.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lima B, Dur O, Chuang J, Chamogeorgakis T, Farrar DJ, Sundareswaran KS, et al. Novel cardiac coordinate modeling system for three-dimensional quantification of inflow cannula malposition of HeartMate II LVADs. ASAIO J. 2018;64(2):154–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Sorensen EN, Kon ZN, Feller ED, Pham SM, Griffith BP. Quantitative assessment of inflow malposition in two continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;105(5):1377–83. This paper highlights the role of inflow cannula malposition in pump thrombosis.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sacks J, Gonzalez-Stawinski GV, Hall S, Lima B, MacHannaford J, Dockery W, et al. Utility of cardiac computed tomography for inflow cannula patency assessment and prediction of clinical outcome in patients with the HeartMate II left ventricular assist device. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2015;21(5):590–3.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spanier T, Oz M, Levin H, Weinberg A, Stamatis K, Stern D, et al. Activation of coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways in patients with left ventricular assist devices. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;112(4):1090–7.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Tran BC, Nijjar PS. Role of contrast CT for the diagnosis and the prognosis of suspected LVAD thrombosis. J Card Surg. 2017;32(2):162–5. This paper highlights the role of CT in diagnosis of outlfow graft complications.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goldstein DJ, John R, Salerno C, Silvestry S, Moazami N, Horstmanshof D, et al. Algorithm for the diagnosis and management of suspected pump thrombus. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2013;32(7):667–70.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Scandroglio AM, Kaufmann F, Pieri M, Kretzschmar A, Muller M, Pergantis P, et al. Diagnosis and treatment algorithm for blood flow obstructions in patients with left ventricular assist device. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(23):2758–68. This paper highlights a diagnostic algorithm for suspected LVAD thrombosis.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Uriel N, Morrison KA, Garan AR, Kato TS, Yuzefpolskaya M, Latif F, et al. Development of a novel echocardiography ramp test for speed optimization and diagnosis of device thrombosis in continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices: the Columbia ramp study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(18):1764–75.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shroff GS, Ocazionez D, Akkanti B, Vargas D, Garza A, Gupta P, et al. CT imaging of complications associated with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2017;38(6):616–28.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mellnick VM, Raptis DA, Raptis C, Bhalla S. Imaging of left ventricular device complications. J Thorac Imaging. 2013;28(2):W35–41.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gomez CK, Schiffman SR, Hobbs SK. The role of computed tomography in predicting left ventricular assist device infectious complications. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2016;6:43.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li X, Kondray V, Tavri S, Ruhparwar A, Azeze S, Dey A, et al. Role of imaging in diagnosis and management of left ventricular assist device complications. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;35(7):1365–77.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dell'Aquila AM, Mastrobuoni S, Alles S, Wenning C, Henryk W, Schneider SR, et al. Contributory role of fluorine 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the diagnosis and clinical management of infections in patients supported with a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;101(1):87–94 discussion.

Google Scholar 

•• Tam MC, Patel VN, Weinberg RL, Hulten EA, Aaronson KD, Pagani FD, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of FDG PET/CT in suspected LVAD infections: a case series, systematic review, and meta-analysis. JACC Cardiov Imaging. 2019;13(5):1191–1202. This paper highlights the role of FDG PET-CT in diagnosis of LVAD infections.

Dell'Aquila AM, Avramovic N, Mastrobuoni S, Motekallemi A, Wisniewski K, Scherer M, et al. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for improving diagnosis of infection in patients on CF-LVAD: longing for more 'insights'. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;19(5):532–43.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Argiriou M, Kolokotron S-M, Sakellaridis T, Argiriou O, Charitos C, Zarogoulidis P, et al. Right heart failure post left ventricular assist device implantation. J Thorac Dis. 2014;6 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S52–S9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ali HR, Kiernan MS, Choudhary G, Levine DJ, Sodha NR, Ehsan A, et al. Right ventricular failure post-implantation of left ventricular assist device: prevalence, pathophysiology, and predictors. ASAIO J. 2020;66(6):610–19.

Garcia-Alvarez A, Fernandez-Friera L, Lau JF, Sawit ST, Mirelis JG, Castillo JG, et al. Evaluation of right ventricular function and post-operative findings using cardiac computed tomography in patients with left ventricular assist devices. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2011;30(8):896–903.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Slaughter MS, Pagani FD, McGee EC, Birks EJ, Cotts WG, Gregoric I, et al. HeartWare ventricular assist system for bridge to transplant: combined results of the bridge to transplant and continued access protocol trial. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2013;32(7):675–83.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stern DR, Kazam J, Edwards P, Maybaum S, Bello RA, D'Alessandro DA, et al. Increased incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding following implantation of the HeartMate II LVAD. J Card Surg. 2010;25(3):352–6.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Kirklin JK, Pagani FD, Goldstein DJ, John R, Rogers JG, Atluri P, et al. American Association for Thoracic Surgery/International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation guidelines on selected topics in mechanical circulatory support. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020;159(3):865–96. Multi-society guideline for LVAD management.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scholtz JE, Ghoshhajra B. Advances in cardiac CT contrast injection and acquisition protocols. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2017;7(5):439–51.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Danad I, Fayad ZA, Willemink MJ, Min JK. New applications of cardiac computed tomography: dual-energy, spectral, and molecular CT imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(6):710–23.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khodarahmi I, Isaac A, Fishman EK, Dalili D, Fritz J. Metal about the hip and artifact reduction techniques: from basic concepts to advanced imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2019;23(3):e68–81.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raju R, Thompson AG, Lee K, Precious B, Yang TH, Berger A, et al. Reduced iodine load with CT coronary angiography using dual-energy imaging: a prospective randomized trial compared with standard coronary CT angiography. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2014;8(4):282–8.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aissa J